91爆料

The Salish Sea 鈥� the inland coastal waters of Washington and British Columbia 鈥� is home to two unique populations of fish-eating orcas, the northern resident and the southern resident orcas. Human activity over much of the 20th century, including reducing salmon runs and capturing orcas for entertainment purposes, decimated their numbers. This century, the northern resident population has steadily grown to more than 300 individuals, but the southern resident population has plateaued at around 75. They remain critically endangered.

New research led by the 91爆料 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has revealed how underwater noise produced by humans may help explain the southern residents鈥� plight. In a published Sept. 10 in Global Change Biology, the team reports that underwater noise pollution 鈥� from both large and small vessels 鈥� forces northern and southern resident orcas to expend more time and energy hunting for fish. The din also lowers the overall success of their hunting efforts. Noise from ships likely has an outsized impact on southern resident orca pods, which spend more time in parts of the Salish Sea with high ship traffic.

鈥淰essel noise negatively impacts every step in the hunting behavior of northern and southern resident orcas: from searching, to pursuing and finally capturing prey,鈥� said lead author , a senior research scientist at the 91爆料鈥檚 , who began this study as a postdoctoral researcher with NOAA鈥檚 . 鈥淚t shines a light on why southern residents in particular have not recovered. One factor hindering their recovery is availability and accessibility of their preferred prey: salmon. When you introduce noise, it makes it even harder to find and catch prey that is already hard to find.鈥�

Northern and southern resident orcas search for food via echolocation. Individuals transmit short clicks through the water column that bounce off other objects. Those signals return to orcas as echoes that encode information about the type of prey, its size and location. If the orcas detect salmon, they can initiate a complex pursuit and capture process, which includes intensified echolocation and deep dives to try to trap and capture fish.

The team 鈥� which also includes scientists at Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Wild Orca, the Cascadia Research Collective and the University of Cumbria in the U.K. 鈥� analyzed data from northern and southern resident orcas, whose movements were tracked using digital tags, or 鈥淒tags.鈥� The cellphone-sized Dtags, which attach noninvasively just below an orca鈥檚 dorsal fin via suction cups, collect data on three-dimensional body movements, position, depth and other environmental data including 鈥� critically 鈥� the sound levels at the whales鈥� locations.

鈥淒tags are a critical innovation for us to understand firsthand the environmental conditions that resident orcas experience,鈥� said Tennessen. 鈥淭hey open a window into what orcas are hearing, their echolocation behavior and the very specific movements they initiate when they hunt for prey.鈥�

The researchers analyzed data from 25 Dtags placed on northern and southern resident orcas for several hours on specific days from 2009 to 2014. The team鈥檚 deep dive into Dtag data showed that vessel noise, particularly from boat propellers, raised the level of ambient noise in the water. The increased noise interfered with the orcas鈥� ability to hear and interpret information about prey conveyed via echolocation. For every additional decibel increase in maximum noise levels around orcas, the researchers observed:

• An increased chance of male and female orcas searching for prey
• A lower chance of females pursuing prey
• A lower chance that both males and females would actually capture prey

Dtags also recorded 鈥渄eep dive鈥� hunting attempts by orcas. Out of 95 such attempts, most occurred in low or moderate noise. But six deep-hunting dives occurred in particularly loud settings, only one of which was successful.

The team found that noise had a disproportionately negative impact on females, who were less likely to pursue prey that had been detected during noisy conditions. Dtag data did not indicate the reason, though potential explanations include a reluctance to leave vulnerable calves at the surface while engaging prey in long chases that may not be fruitful, and the pressure for lactating females to conserve energy. Though southern resident orcas often share captured prey with one another, the impact of noise may contribute to nutritional stress among females, which previous research has linked to high rates of pregnancy failure among southern residents.

Reducing vessel speeds leads to quieter waters for the orcas. Both sides of the U.S.-Canada border include voluntary speed-reduction programs for vessels: the , initiated in 2014 by the Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, and , launched in 2021 for Washington state waters. But reducing noise is only one factor in saving southern resident orcas and helping northern residents continue to recover.

鈥淲hen you factor in the complicated legacy we鈥檝e created for the resident orcas 鈥� habitat destruction for salmon, water pollution, the risk of vessel collisions 鈥� adding in noise pollution just compounds a situation that is already dire,鈥� said Tennessen. 鈥淭he situation could be turned around, but only with great effort and coordination on our part.鈥�

Co-authors on the paper are Marla Holt, Brad Hanson and Candice Emmons with NOAA鈥檚 Northwest Fisheries Science Center; Brianna Wright and Sheila Thornton with Fisheries and Oceans Canada; Deborah Giles with Wild Orca and the 91爆料鈥檚 Friday Harbor Laboratories; Jeffrey Hogan with the Cascadia Research Collective; and Volker Deecke with the University of Cumbria. The research was funded by NOAA, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the University of Cumbria, the Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship, the University of British Columbia and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

For more information, contact Tennessen at jtenness@uw.edu.