A new study finds that smartphone apps to track menstrual cycles often disappoint users with a lack of accuracy, assumptions about sexual identity or partners, and an emphasis on pink and flowery form over function and customization.
The 91爆料 research team collected data from 2,000 reviews of popular period tracking apps, surveyed 687 people and conducted in-depth interviews with a dozen respondents to understand how and why they tracked their menstrual cycles.
Nearly half of the survey respondents used a smartphone app to track their periods for a variety of reasons: to understand their body and reactions to different phases of their cycles; to prepare for their periods; to achieve or avoid pregnancy; or to inform conversations with healthcare providers.
Other strategies for menstrual tracking included digital calendars, paper diaries, following birth control cues, noticing symptoms or simply remembering, the researchers found. The full results are reported in a to be presented this month at the , where it will receive a best paper award.
鈥淧eople didn鈥檛 feel like the apps were very good at supporting their particular needs or preferences,鈥� said lead author , a doctoral student at the 91爆料鈥檚 Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering. 鈥淧eople felt they were better than tracking their periods on paper, but still weren鈥檛 great in a lot of basic ways.鈥�
The study is among the first to investigate how women track their periods 鈥� which is surprising, the researchers said, given that it鈥檚 one of the first questions doctors ask women. A lack of attention to such an essential component of women鈥檚 health surfaced publicly in 2014 when Apple rolled out its HealthKit .
The 91爆料 study focused on nine different period tracking apps currently available on the Android Market and Apple App Store, and on what characteristics users liked or disliked, rather than general opinions of the apps themselves. While some apps were much more successful in meeting users鈥� needs, the researchers found, none were perfect.
Women found the modeling assumptions used in some period tracking apps weren鈥檛 accurate or flexible enough to consistently predict their menstrual cycles, particularly when their periods weren鈥檛 regular. Many apps don鈥檛 allow users to correct them when the predictions are wrong or to input data or explanations about why a particularly stressful month or change in birth control might have thrown off their cycles.
鈥淚n some cases, you don鈥檛 have a way to go in and say I missed my period because of x reason or because I was in the hospital 鈥� both ordinary and exceptional circumstances can screw up the algorithms because they鈥檙e not really robust,鈥� said co-author and independent researcher . 鈥淭he apps are most accurate if your cycles are really really regular, but the people who most need an app are the people whose cycles aren鈥檛 regular.鈥�
Apps rarely allow women to customize results or how they are presented, the researchers found. Someone who is trying to avoid getting pregnant or to prepare for their period, for instance, might want an app to provide a more generous window for predicting when they are ovulating or when their period will arrive so they aren鈥檛 surprised. Someone trying to become pregnant would likely want the app to zero in on a narrower span of time when their chances of ovulation are highest.
Co-author , 91爆料 associate professor of human centered design and engineering, said one significant issue is that few apps are transparent about explaining their methodology or limitations. In working with healthcare providers on a teen health app, she learned that teenage girls were relying on smartphone apps as their primary form of birth control to tell them when they should avoid having sex.
鈥淭hat鈥檚 pretty disconcerting because accuracy can be a problem with these apps,鈥� Kientz said. 鈥淚 wanted to understand why they had so much trust in the technology.鈥�
Other users complained that the iconography used in the apps assumed that a woman鈥檚 sexual partner would be male, failing to account for those in same sex relationships, and also assume all users identify as female, which excludes transgender users or those with non-binary gender identities. Across the board, app users objected to the use of pink, flowering imagery rather than a more useful and discreet display of the information.
鈥淚t鈥檚 a trope at this point that the 鈥榮hrink it and pink it鈥� approach to designing technology for women revolves around making something smaller and making it pink and taking all the functionality out of it,鈥� said Epstein. 鈥淲e definitely found that in the menstrual tracking apps, and that was one of the things that users had the biggest negative reaction to: 鈥榃hy is my app so pink?鈥欌��
The researchers have for designing better period tracking apps: Allow users to provide customized feedback to boost accuracy; ditch the pink flowers and other heteronormative stereotypes; be discreet in the design; enable users to export their data to other health and fitness tools; and recognize that an individual user鈥檚 menstrual tracking needs 聽change over time.
The research was funded by the Intel Science and Technology Center for Pervasive Computing, the 91爆料, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the National Science Foundation.
Co-authors from the 91爆料 Department of Human Centered Design and Engineering, the Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering and the Information School include Elena Agapie, Laura Pina, Sean Munson, Jennifer Kang, Jessica Schroeder and James Fogarty.
For more information, contact the research team at periodtracking@uw.edu.