Imagine you鈥檙e waiting in your car and a poster for a concert from a local band catches your eye. What if you could just tune your car to a radio station and actually listen to that band鈥檚 music? Or perhaps you see the poster on the side of a bus stop. What if it could send your smartphone a link for discounted tickets or give you directions to the venue?
Going further, imagine you go for a run, and your shirt can sense your perspiration and send data on your vital signs directly to your phone.
A pioneered by 91爆料 engineers makes these 鈥渟mart鈥� posters and clothing a reality by allowing them to communicate directly with your car鈥檚 radio or your smartphone. For instance, bus stop billboards could send digital content about local attractions. A street sign could broadcast the name of an intersection or notice that it is safe to cross a street, improving accessibility for the disabled. In addition, clothing with integrated sensors could monitor vital signs and send them to a phone.
鈥淲hat we want to do is enable smart cities and fabrics where everyday objects in outdoor environments 鈥� whether it鈥檚 posters or street signs or even the shirt you鈥檙e wearing 鈥� can 鈥榯alk鈥� to you by sending information to your phone or car,鈥� said lead faculty and 91爆料 assistant professor of computer science and engineering .
鈥淭he challenge is that radio technologies like WiFi, Bluetooth and conventional FM radios would last less than half a day with a coin cell battery when transmitting,” said co-author and 91爆料 electrical engineering doctoral student . “So we developed a new way of communication where we send information by reflecting ambient FM radio signals that are already in the air, which consumes close to zero power.鈥�
The 91爆料 team has 鈥� for the first time 鈥� demonstrated how to apply a technique called 鈥渂ackscattering鈥� to outdoor FM radio signals. The new system transmits messages by reflecting and encoding audio and data in these signals that are ubiquitous in urban environments, without affecting the original radio transmissions. Results are published in a to be presented in Boston at the 14th in March.
The team demonstrated that a 鈥渟inging poster鈥� for the band placed at a bus stop could transmit a snippet of the band鈥檚 music, as well as an advertisement for the band, to a smartphone at a distance of 12 feet or to a car over 60 feet away. They overlaid the audio and data on top of ambient news signals from a local NPR radio station.
鈥淔M radio signals are everywhere. You can listen to music or news in your car and it鈥檚 a common way for us to get our information,鈥� said co-author and 91爆料 computer science and engineering doctoral student . 鈥淪o what we do is basically make each of these everyday objects into a mini FM radio station at almost zero power.鈥�
Such ubiquitous low-power connectivity can also enable smart fabric applications such as clothing integrated with sensors to monitor a runner鈥檚 gait and vital signs that transmits the information directly to a user鈥檚 phone. In a second demonstration, the researchers from the 91爆料 used conductive thread to sew an antenna into a cotton T-shirt, which was able to use ambient radio signals to transmit data to a smartphone at rates up to 3.2 kilobits per second.
The system works by taking an everyday FM radio signal broadcast from an urban radio tower. The 鈥渟mart鈥� poster or T-shirt uses a low-power reflector to manipulate the signal in a way that encodes the desired audio or data on top of the FM broadcast to send a 鈥渕essage鈥� to the smartphone receiver on an unoccupied frequency in the FM radio band.
鈥淥ur system doesn鈥檛 disturb existing FM radio frequencies,鈥� said co-author , 91爆料 associate professor of computer science and engineering and of electrical engineering. 鈥淲e send our messages on an adjacent band that no one is using 鈥� so we can piggyback on your favorite news or music channel without disturbing the original transmission.鈥�
The team demonstrated three different methods for sending audio signals and data using FM backscatter: one simply overlays the new information on top of the existing signals, another takes advantage of unused portions of a stereo FM broadcast, and the third uses cooperation between two smartphones to decode the message.
鈥淏ecause of the unique structure of FM radio signals, multiplying the original signal with the backscattered signal actually produces an additive frequency change,鈥� said co-author , a 91爆料 postdoctoral researcher in computer science and engineering. 鈥淭hese frequency changes can be decoded as audio on the normal FM receivers built into cars and smartphones.鈥�
In the team鈥檚 demonstrations, the total power consumption of the backscatter system was 11 microwatts, which could be easily supplied by a tiny coin-cell battery for a couple of years, or powered using tiny solar cells.
The research was funded in part by the National Science Foundation and Google Faculty Research Awards.
For more information, contact the research team at smartcities@cs.washington.edu.